The effectiveness evaluation of polyvinylidene fluoride membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment has gained considerable interest. These units offer a promising approach to conventional treatment methods due to their high removal rate of various pollutants. A range of factors, including filter pore size, process conditions, and microbial commu

Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors provide a versatile and efficient platform for diverse biotechnological applications. These sophisticated systems leverage the properties of hollow fiber membranes to facilitate superior mass transfer, cellular growth, and product synthesis. This comprehensive review delves into the fundamentals of hollow fiber mem